The role of green finance and governance effectiveness in the impact of renewable energy investment on CO2 emissions in BRICS economies.

In the context of sustainable development, this study investigates the intricate dynamics among good governance, renewable energy investment, and green finance in BRICS nations. The aim of the study is to assess how green finance and governance effectiveness moderate the impact of renewable energy investment on CO2 emissions. Utilizing the Cross-Sectional Autoregressive Distributed Lag (CS-ARDL) model, a meticulous analysis spanning two decades was conducted to unravel the relationships among key variables and CO2 emissions. The findings underscore a nuanced interplay where renewable energy investments, synergized with robust governance and strategic green finance, significantly mitigate CO2 emissions, contributing to sustainable economic development. However, the study reveals non-linear relationships, highlighting the necessity for optimal allocation and strategic planning to maximize environmental benefits. In the short-run, a government effectiveness policy threshold that should be attained in order for renewable energy investment to reduce CO2 emissions is provided. In the long-run, the negative responsiveness of CO2 emissions to renewable energy investment is further consolidated by green finance. Moreover, enhancing renewable energy investment in the long run is positive for environmental sustainability. It follows that policy makers should tailor policies aimed at enhancing renewable energy investment in the long-run as well as complementing renewable energy investment with green finance in the long-run in order to ensure environmental sustainability by means of reducing CO2 emissions. Policymakers in BRICS nations are urged to strengthen governance structures, promote renewable energy investments, leverage green finance, foster public-private partnerships, adopt a holistic approach, and address non-linear effects to accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy.

High failure rate of ChAdOx1-nCoV19 immunization against asymptomatic infection in healthcare workers during a Delta variant surge.

Immunization is expected to confer protection against infection and severe disease for vaccines while reducing risks to unimmunized populations by inhibiting transmission. Here, based on serial serological studies of an observational cohort of healthcare workers, we show that during a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome -Coronavirus 2 Delta-variant outbreak in Delhi, 25.3% (95% Confidence Interval 16.9-35.2) of previously uninfected, ChAdOx1-nCoV19 double vaccinated, healthcare workers were infected within less than two months, based on serology. Induction of anti-spike response was similar between groups with breakthrough infection (541 U/ml, Inter Quartile Range 374) and without (342 U/ml, Inter Quartile Range 497), as was the induction of neutralization activity to wildtype. This was not vaccine failure since vaccine effectiveness estimate based on infection rates in an unvaccinated cohort were about 70% and most infections were asymptomatic. We find that while ChAdOx1-nCoV19 vaccination remains effective in preventing severe infections, it is unlikely to be completely able to block transmission and provide herd immunity.

Biofilm formation and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production by Bacillus haynesii and influence of hexavalent chromium.

Biofilm-forming bacteria play a key role in the removal of heavy metals including hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] from contaminated sites. In this study, biofilm-forming B. haynesii was examined for extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production and hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] reduction potential. Exposure of B. haynesii with Cr(VI) (12.5-100 mg L-1) for 48 h enhanced pellicle dry weight (20-24%), cell-size (5.1-23.2%) and cell granularity (8.5-19.2%). Also, EPS production was increased by 10-35% by promoting the synthesis of protein (94-119%) and polysaccharide (2-33%) components in EPS. Further, the reduction (27.7 %) and distribution (15.87%) of Cr(VI) were mainly mediated by EPS than the other cellular fractions. Findings of the study suggest that the EPS from B. haynesii was efficiently reduced to Cr(VI) present in aqueous medium and the potential of the organism can be further explored for the mitigation of Cr(VI) contamination.

Effective bioremediation of pulp and paper mill wastewater using Bacillus cereus as a possible kraft lignin-degrading bacterium.

The effective degradation of KL from paper mill effluent is an important for environmental safety. This research is primarily concerned with the identification of KL-degrading Bacillus cereus from activated sludge and their possible use for the degradation of Kraft lignin (KL). This strain was involved in the production of lignin peroxidase-LiP (3.20 U/mL), manganese peroxidase-MnP (20.36 U/mL), and laccase (21.35 U/mL) enzymes, which were responsible for high KL degradation (89%) and decolorization (40%) at 1000 mg/L KL in 3 days. The SEM-EDS, UV-Vis, FTIR, and GC-MS analysis were used to analyze the bacterial cell and KL interactions to trace the KL degradation process. The significant reduction of pollutants (KL-72.5%, color-62.0%, COD-45.05%) and reduction in toxicity (80%) of bacterial-treated effluent indicated that B. cereus has the potential to be used in the degradation of pollutants from paper mill effluents.

Preparation, characterization and agri applications of biochar produced by pyrolysis of sewage sludge at different temperatures.

Sewage sludge (SS) is an abundantly available feedstock, which is generally considered as potential threat to human health and environment. Its utilization in any process would be of great help for environmental sustainability. Accordingly, this work aimed to prepare and characterize the sewage sludge biochar (SSB) at temperatures, i.e. (500, 450, 400, and 350 °C), and further analyze the available nutrients and contaminants as well as agri application potential. The results indicated that the total nitrogen (TN), electrical conductivity (EC), and total organic carbon (TOC) content in SSBs decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The overall concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in SSBs was substantially lower (1.8-9.7-fold depending on pyrolysis temperature) than in SS. Pyrolysis of SS enriched the heavy metals content in SSBs and the relative enrichment factor (RE) factor varied between 1.1 and 2.1 depending on the pyrolysis temperature. Furthermore, compared to SS, the leaching rate of heavy metals was significantly decreased in SSBs (1.1-100-fold depending on the pyrolysis temperature) and the pyrolysis temperature of 400-450 °C prevented the Ni, Pb, Cr, and Zn leaching in SSB. The total PAH and heavy metals content in biochars were below the control standard for land application. Finally, testing of the growth-promoting effect of biochar extracts on fenugreek plants revealed that SSB prepared at 350 °C significantly stimulated the root and shoot length of 5-days old seedlings. This study provides important data for potential environmental risks of SSB applications.

Decolourisation of textile dye by laccase: Process evaluation and assessment of its degradation bioproducts.

Biodegradation of environmentally hazardous synthetic dyes by enzymes has been achieved the highest interest in recent years. In this work, we optimized Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) dye biodegradation by Arthrographis kalrae derived laccase via the Box-Behnken design (BBD) approach of the surface response methodology (RSM). Optimization of dye decolourisation by one variable at a time (OVAT) approach resulted in optimal dye decolourisation at laccase dose (2 IU mL-1), pH (7.0), temperature (35 °C), incubation time (240 min), and initial dye concentration (100 mg L-1). The optimized process through BBD enhanced dye decolourisation (97.18%). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and UV-Visible Spectrophotometry have proven biodegradation. In addition, in comparison to untreated samples, the laccase-treated dye sample showed relatively less phyto- and cytotoxic effect on Allium cepa L. Extra Precision Glide docking exhibited the binding affinity score of -5.355 kcal mol-1, between laccase-RBBR complex.

Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Marker-Trait Associations for Early Vegetative Stage Salinity Tolerance in Rice.

Rice germplasm is a rich resource for discovering genes associated with salt tolerance. In the current study, a set of 96 accessions were evaluated for seedling stage salinity tolerance and its component traits. Significant phenotypic variation was observed among the genotypes for all the measured traits and eleven accessions with high level of salt tolerance at seedling stage were identified. The germplasm set comprised of three sub-populations and genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified a total of 23 marker-trait associations (MTAs) for traits studied. These MTAs were located on rice chromosomes 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 12 and explained the trait phenotypic variances ranging from 13.98 to 29.88 %. Twenty-one MTAs identified in this study were located either in or near the previously reported quantitative trait loci (QTLs), while two MTAs namely, qSDW2.1 and qSNC5 were novel. A total of 18 and 13 putative annotated candidate genes were identified in a genomic region spanning ~200 kb around the MTAs qSDW2.1 and qSNC5, respectively. Some of the important genes underlying the novel MTAs were OsFBA1,OsFBL7, and mTERF which are known to be associated with salinity tolerance in crops. These MTAs pave way for combining salinity tolerance with high yield in rice genotypes through molecular breeding.

Cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19: An evidence-based narrative review.

The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, primarily involves the respiratory system with viral pneumonia as a predominant manifestation. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 has various cardiovascular manifestations which increase morbidity and mortality in COVID-19. Patients with underlying cardiovascular diseases and conventional cardiovascular risk factors are predisposed for COVID-19 with worse prognosis. The possible mechanisms of cardiovascular injury are endothelial dysfunction, diffuse microangiopathy with thrombosis and increased angiotensin II levels. Hyperinflammation in the myocardium can result in acute coronary syndrome, myocarditis, heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death. The high level of cardiac troponins and natriuretic peptides in the early course of COVID-19 reflects an acute myocardial injury. The complex association between COVID-19 and cardiovascular manifestations requires an in-depth understanding for appropriate management of these patients. Till the time a specific antiviral drug is available for COVID-19, treatment remains symptomatic. This review provides information on the cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19.

HCQ prophylaxis in COVID-19 did not show any QTc prolongation in Healthcare workers.

BACKGROUND: HCQ is a commonly recommended drug for the prophylaxis of COVID-19. One of its rare side-effect includes QTc prolongation. METHODS: This was a prospective, cross sectional and observational study conducted on Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) among Healthcare Workers (HCWs) at Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket, New Delhi, India. A 3-lead ECG (only limb leads, it does not require chest leads) was performed. The QTc cut offs were pre decided, QTC < 470 ms for males and <480 ms for females was considered within the normal limits and anything above this was regarded as QTc prolongation. RESULTS: There were 274 HCWs enrolled into the study, including 175 males and 99 females. Majority of the HCWs were young and had a mean age of 32.19 ± 9.29 years. Out of these, 218 were taking HCQ as per the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) guidelines. The median cumulative dose being taken was 1600 mg and the median QTc of these participants was 390 ms in males and 391.5 ms in females. Subsequently, 33 participants were followed-up and found to have a median QTc of 389 ms and a cumulative dose of HCQ as 2000 mg. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, ours is a first study in the middle of the pandemic which showed that HCQ prophylaxis in young HCWs without comorbidities did not show any QTc prolongation.

Hydroxychloroquine and QTc prolongation in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Among many drugs that hold potential in COVID-19 pandemic, chloroquine (CQ), and its derivative hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have generated unusual interest. With increasing usage, there has been growing concern about the prolongation of QTc interval and Torsades de Pointes (TdP) with HCQ, especially in combination with azithromycin. AIMS: This meta-analysis is planned to study the risk of QTc prolongation and Torsades de pointes (TdP) by a well-defined criterion for HCQ, CQ alone, and in combination with Azithromycin in patients with COVID-19. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was made in two databases (PubMed, Embase). Three outcomes explored in the included studies were frequency of QTc > 500 ms (ms) or ΔQTc > 60 ms (Outcome 1), frequency of QTc > 500 ms (Outcome 2) and frequency of TdP (Outcome 3). Random effects method with inverse variance approach was used for computation of pooled summary and risk ratio. RESULTS: A total of 13 studies comprising of 2138 patients were included in the final analysis. The pooled prevalence of outcome 1, outcome 2 and outcome 3 for HCQ, CQ with or without Azithromycin were 10.18% (5.59-17.82%, I2 - 92%), 10.22% (6.01-16.85%, I2 - 79%), and 0.72% (0.34-1.51, I2 - 0%) respectively. The prevalence of outcome 2 in subgroup analysis for HCQ and HCQ + Azithromycin was 7.25% (3.22-15.52, I2 - 59%) and 8.61% (4.52-15.79, I2 - 76%), respectively. The risk ratio (RR) for outcome 1 and outcome 2 between HCQ + Azithromycin and HCQ was 1.22 (0.77-1.93, I2 - 0%) & 1.51 (0.79-2.87, I2 - 13%), respectively and was not significant. Heterogeneity was noted statistically as well clinically (regimen types, patient numbers, study design, and outcome definition). CONCLUSION: The use of HCQ/CQ is associated with a high prevalence of QTc prolongation. However, it is not associated with a high risk of TdP.

Catheter ablation of scar based ventricular tachycardia - Procedural characteristics and outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a major cause of morbidity in patients with cardiomyopathy. Radiofrequency ablation has emerged as the mainstay of the management of recurrent sustained VT in these patients. We describe the clinical characteristics, procedural and medium term outcomes of patients undergoing ablation of scar VT in a tertiary care center in India. METHODS: This was a single-center descriptive cohort study. All patients who underwent ablation for scar related VT were included. Endpoints were immediate procedural success, procedural complications and recurrence during follow up. RESULTS: A total of 72 patients with scar VT underwent ablation with electroanatomic mapping. Previous myocardial infarction (MI) was the commonest etiology (69.4%) with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) being the next common (19.4%). Acute procedural success was achieved in 69.4% patients, partial success in 9.7% and failure in 1 patient (1.4%). Outcome was labeled indeterminate in 19.4% who did not undergo post ablation VT induction. Procedural complications were seen in 4%. Follow up data was available in 95% of the patients with a mean follow up of 28.9 ± 22.8 months. At one year, freedom from VT was 83.8% and mortality was 13.2%. Overall mortality during follow up was 22.1% while VT recurrence was seen in 35.3%. Recurrence rate was higher in ARVC as compared to previous MI. CONCLUSIONS: Ablation of scar VT has high acute success rates. Ablation is safe with low risk of major complications. Rates of recurrence are higher in patients with ARVC as compared to post MI VT.

Malignant prolongation of the QTc interval due to severe vitamin D deficiency: an unusual presentation.

Long QT syndrome with Torsades de Pointes (TdP) is a life-threatening polymorphic ventricular arrhythmia. The corrected QT (QTc) prolongation >500 milliseconds (ms) has been associated with TdP. Hypocalcaemia due to severe vitamin D deficiency is an uncommon cause of acquired long QT. We hereby present a case of a 40-year-old woman with sensorineural deafness and having symptoms of palpitations and presyncope. She had a QTc interval of 556 ms (reference range, QTc 451-470 ms in adult healthy woman) on 24-hour Holter analysis. Genetic analysis for congenital long QT syndrome was negative. She was diagnosed with severe hypocalcaemia secondary to severe vitamin D deficiency. After treatment with intravenous calcium gluconate, followed by oral vitamin D and calcium supplementation, the QTc became normalised and no further episode of palpitations or presyncope occurred. The causes of vitamin D deficiency was due to inadequate exposure to sunlight and a strict vegan diet.

Marker Assisted Development and Characterization of Herbicide Tolerant Near Isogenic Lines of a Mega Basmati Rice Variety, "Pusa Basmati 1121".

BACKGROUND: Direct-seeded rice (DSR) is a potential technology for sustainable rice farming as it saves water and labor. However, higher incidence of weed under DSR limits productivity. Therefore, there is a need to develop herbicide tolerant (HT) rice varieties. RESULTS: We used marker assisted backcross breeding (MABB) to transfer a mutant allele of Acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) gene, which confers tolerance to imidazolinone group of herbicides from the donor parent (DP) "Robin" into the genetic background of an elite popular Basmati rice variety, Pusa Basmati 1121 (PB 1121). Foreground selection was done using the AHAS gene linked Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) marker RM6844 and background selection was performed using 112 genome-wide SSR markers polymorphic between PB 1121 and Robin. Phenotypic selection for agronomic, Basmati grain and cooking quality traits in each generation was carried out to improve the recovery of recurrent parent phenome (RPP). Finally, a set of 12 BC4F4 near isogenic lines (NILs), with recurrent parent genome (RPG) recovery ranging from 98.66 to 99.55% were developed and evaluated. PB 1121-HT NILs namely 1979-14-7-33-99-10, 1979-14-7-33-99-15 and 1979-14-7-33-99-66 were found superior to PB 1121 in yield with comparable grain and cooking quality traits and herbicide tolerance similar to Robin. CONCLUSION: Overall, the present study reports successful development of HT NILs in the genetic background of popular Basmati rice variety, PB 1121 by introgression of mutated AHAS allele. This is the first report on the development of HT Basmati rice. Superior NILs are being evaluated in the national Basmati trials, the release of which is likely to provide a viable option for the adoption of DSR technology in Basmati rice cultivation.

Marker aided introgression of 'Saltol', a major QTL for seedling stage salinity tolerance into an elite Basmati rice variety 'Pusa Basmati 1509'.

Marker assisted backcross breeding was used to transfer Saltol, a major QTL for seedling stage salinity tolerance from the donor FL478 to Pusa Basmati 1509 (PB 1509), a high yielding and early maturing Basmati rice variety. Foreground selection was carried out using three markers namely, AP3206f, RM3412b and RM10793, linked to Saltol. In addition, 105 genome-wide SSR markers polymorphic between FL478 and PB 1509 were used in background selection. Among the BC3F4 near isogenic lines (NILs) developed, recurrent parent genome recovery ranged from 96.67 to 98.57%. Multi-season evaluation identified some of the NILs showing significantly higher yield with grain and cooking quality comparable to PB 1509. All the NILs exhibited tolerance to salinity with significantly higher relative water content, membrane stability index and proline content as compared to PB 1509. The root and shoot concentration of Na+, K+ and Na+/K+ in NILs was at par with FL478 under stress conditions. The gene OsHKT1;5 located in the Saltol region showed higher expression levels under stress indicating its role in conferring salinity tolerance. Salt tolerant NILs of PB 1509 will be useful in stabilizing production in salt affected areas.

Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Novel Marker-Trait Associations (MTAs) Governing the Localization of Fe and Zn in the Rice Grain.

Micronutrient malnutrition due to Fe and Zn, affects around two billion people globally particularly in the developing countries. More than 90% of the Asian population is dependent on rice-based diets, which is low in these micronutrients. In the present study, a set of 192 Indian rice germplasm accessions, grown at two locations, were evaluated for Fe and Zn in brown rice (BR) and milled rice (MR). A significant variation was observed in the rice germplasm for these micronutrients. The grain Fe concentration was in the range of 6.2-23.1 ppm in BR and 0.8-12.3 ppm in MR, while grain Zn concentration was found to be in the range of 11.0-47.0 ppm and 8.2-40.8 ppm in the BR and MR, respectively. Grain Fe exhibited maximum loss upon milling with a mean retention of 24.9% in MR, while Zn showed a greater mean retention of 74.2% in MR. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was carried out implementing the FarmCPU model to control the population structure and kinship, and resulted in the identification of 29 marker-trait associations (MTAs) with significant associations for traits viz. FeBR (6 MTAs), FeMR (7 MTAs), ZnBR (11 MTAs), and ZnMR (5 MTAs), which could explain the phenotypic variance from 2.1 to as high as 53.3%. The MTAs governing the correlated traits showed co-localization, signifying the possibility of their simultaneous improvement. The robust MTAs identified in the study could be valuable resource for enhancing Fe and Zn concentration in the rice grain and addressing the problem of Fe and Zn malnutrition among rice consumers.